How Lithium-ion Batteries and Fuel Cells Work

Lithium ion battery is a kind of energy storage device, currently the commonly used lithium ion battery according to the cathode material can be divided into iron phosphate lithium battery, ternary battery and manganese acid lithium battery. Take the lithium iron phosphate battery as an example: when discharging, the iron phosphate in the positive electrode and the lithium ion transferred from the negative electrode through the electrolyte and the electrons transferred from the external circuit combine to form the lithium iron phosphate. The lithium embedded in the graphite layer of the negative electrode escapes and becomes the lithium ion and the electron transferred to the positive electrode through the electrolyte and the external circuit respectively.

The fuel cell is essentially a kind of generator, in which the fuel and oxidant are converted into electricity directly by electrochemical reaction without combustion. Therefore, fuel cells are not restricted by the carnot cycle and have high energy conversion efficiency. Fuel cells can be as much as 60% efficient as a power conversion device, and as much as 80% efficient as a cogeneration device.

Fuel cells are classified into alkaline fuel cells according to their different electrolytes, Phosphoric acid fuel cell, Solid oxide fuel cell, Molten carbonate fuel cell, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Different types of fuel cells have different application fields and operating environments. The operating temperature range of proton exchange membrane fuel cells is from room temperature to about 80℃. Currently, these types are basically used in fuel cell vehicles.

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